Black Mamba Snake Facts Separating Myth From Reality

The black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) is a highly venomous African snake. Legends associated with the black mamba have earned it the title of worlds deadliest snake. The black mambas bite is called the kiss of death, and its said to balance on the end of its tail, towering over victims before striking. The snake is also believed to slither faster than a man or horse can run. However, despite this fearsome reputation, many of the legends are false. The black mamba, while potentially deadly, is a shy hunter. Heres the truth about the black mamba. Fast Facts: Black Mamba Snake Scientific Name: Dendroaspis polylepisCommon Name: Black mambaBasic Animal Group: ReptileSize: 6.5-14.7 feetWeight: 3.5 poundsLifespan: 11 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Sub-Saharan AfricaPopulation: StableConservation Status: Least Concern Description This snakes color ranges from olive to gray to dark brown with a yellow underbody. Juvenile snakes are paler in coloration than adults. The snake gets its common name for the inky black coloration of its mouth, which it opens and displays when threatened. Like its relative, the coral snake, the black mamba is covered with smooth, flat scales. The black mamba is the longest venomous snake in Africa and the second-longest venomous snake in the world, following the king cobra. Black mambas range from 2 to 4.5 meters (6.6 to 14.8 ft) in length and weigh, on average, 1.6 kg (3.5 lb). When the snake rises to strike, it may appear to balance on its tail, but this is simply an illusion created by the fact that its body is so unusually long, as well as the fact that its coloring blends into its surroundings. Speed While the black mamba is the fastest snake in Africa and perhaps the fastest snake in the world, it uses its speed to escape danger, rather than hunt prey. The snake has been recorded at a speed of 11 km/h (6.8 mph), for a distance of 43 m (141 ft). In comparison, the average female human runs 6.5 mph, while the average male human jogs at 8.3 mph. Both men and women can run much faster for a short distance. A horse gallops at 25 to 30 mph. Black mambas dont pursue people, horses, or cars, but even if they did, the snake couldnt maintain its peak pace long enough to catch up. Habitat and Distribution The black mamba occurs in sub-Saharan Africa. Its range runs from northern South Africa up to Senegal. The snake thrives in moderately dry habitats, including woodlands, savannas, and rocky terrain. Diet and Behavior When food is plentiful, the black mamba maintains a permanent lair, venturing out in the daytime to seek prey. The snake feeds on hyrax, birds, bats, and bushbabies. It is an ambush predator that hunts by sight. When prey comes in range, the snake rises off the ground, strikes one or more times, and waits for its venom to paralyze and kill the victim before consuming it. Reproduction and Offspring Newly hatched black mamba snakes have to fend for themselves. Katlyn Zeker / EyeEm / Getty Images Black mambas mates in the early spring. Males follow a females scent trail and may compete for her by wrestling each other, but not biting. A female lays a clutch of 6 to 17 eggs in the summer and then abandons the nest. Hatchlings emerge from the eggs after 80 to 90 days. While their venom glands are fully developed, the young snakes rely on nutrients from the egg yolk until they find small prey. Black mambas tend not to interact much with each other, but they have been known to share a lair with other mambas or even other species of snakes. The lifespan of the black mamba in the wild is unknown, but captive specimens have been known to live 11 years. Conservation Status The black mamba is not endangered, with a classification of least concern on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species. The snake is abundant throughout its range, with a stable population. However, the black mamba does face some threats. Humans kill the snakes out of fear, plus the animal has predators. The Cape file snake (Mehelya capensis) is immune to all African snake venom and will prey upon any black mamba small enough to swallow. Mongooses are partially immune to black mamba venom and quick enough to kill a juvenile snake without getting bitten. Snake eagles hunt the black mamba, particularly the black-chested snake eagle (Circaetus pectoralis) and brown snake eagle (Circaetus cinereus). The Black Mamba and Humans Bites are uncommon because the snake avoids humans, isnt aggressive, and doesnt defend its lair. First aid includes application of pressure or a tourniquet to slow the progression of the venom, followed by administration of antivenom. In rural areas, antivenom may be unavailable, so deaths still occur. The snakes venom is a potent cocktail containing the neurotoxin dendrotoxin, cardiotoxins, and muscle-contracting fasciculins. Early symptoms of a bite include headache, a metallic taste, excessive salivation and perspiration, and a tingling sensation. When bitten, a person collapses in under 45 minutes and can die within 7 to 15 hours. The ultimate cause of death includes respiratory failure, asphyxiation, and circulatory collapse. Before antivenom was available, the mortality from a black mamba bite was nearly 100%. Although rare, there are cases of survival without treatment. Sources FitzSimons, Vivian F.M. A Field Guide to the Snakes of Southern Africa (Second ed.). HarperCollins. pp. 167–169, 1970. ISBN 0-00-212146-8.Mattison, Chris. Snakes of the World. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 164, 1987. ISBN 0-8160-1082-X.Spawls, S. Dendroaspis polylepis. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2010: e.T177584A7461853. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T177584A7461853.enSpawls, S.; Branch, B. The dangerous snakes of Africa: natural history, species directory, venoms, and snakebite. Dubai: Oriental Press: Ralph Curtis-Books. pp. 49–51, 1995. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.Strydom, Daniel. Snake Venom Toxins. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 247 (12): 4029–42, 1971. PMID 5033401

Theme Analysis The Norton - 1496 Words

Lindsey Michelle Bagio March 6, 2015 ENG-1180-01 Professor Brian Duchaney Take home mid-term 2. Explore the shared relationship of theme and tone, using examples from at least three poems. There are many poems that show the relationship between theme and tone, as shown in our textbook, The Norton Introduction to Literature. But first you must be able to define what theme and tone are and how they are interpreted into many different poems. For this essay, I’m going to explore the shared relationship between theme and tone, using examples from some of the poems found in the textbook. By definition, theme is what a poem is about, the subject or motivation idea behind the writer’s intention (Mays 767). Theme can be much more than just it’s definition. Theme relies on the study of paradigms, or a distinct concept related to the larger intellectual consciousness. A theme is always referential, especially in that certain cultural understandings may necessarily be self-evident for the author of works in a given time period (Mays 765, in class notes). Tone, on the other hand, is the author’s treatment of the subject. Tone refers to the qualities of the language a speaker uses in social situations or in a poem, and it also refers to a speaker’s intended effect. Changes in the tone of the speaker, can change the meaning of the poem completely. So how are theme and tone related in this aspect? â€Å"Letting a poem speak to us means more than merely figuring out its topic; it meansShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Dover Beach By Matthew Arnold1139 Words   |  5 PagesMonelle Shuman English Lit 202 K. Morefield December 1, 2014 An Analysis of â€Å"Dover Beach† by Matthew Arnold Dover Beach is thought to be one of the best representations of the Victorian Period all together. 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Mental Illness Paper Free Essays

Mental Illness Paper Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is real illness that can be treated with medicine and therapy. When have OCD, you have recurring, upsetting thoughts (called obsessions). You repeat doing the same thing, over and over again (called compulsions) to make the thoughts go away. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Illness Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now And, you feel like you cannot control or stop these thoughts or actions. The obsessions, or upsetting thoughts, can include things like a fear of germs, a fear of begin hurt, a fear of hurting others, and disturbing religious or sexual thoughts. The compulsions, or actions you repeat to make the thoughts go away, can be things like counting, cleanings hand washing, and checking on things. While these actions provide only short-lived relief, not doing them only increases anxiety. Many people who have OCD know that their actions often do not make sense. They may try to hide their problem from family and friends, and may have trouble keeping a job because of their actions. Without treatment, obsessions and the need to perform rituals can take over a person’s life. OCD is an anxiety disorder that can be life-long. A person with OCD can also recover and then get the illness again, or relapse. This illness affects women and men in equal numbers. Most often, OCD begins during the teenage years or early childhood, although it can start in an adult. For many years, mental health professionals thought of OCD as a rare disease because only a small minority of their patients had the condition. The disorder often went unrecognized because many of those afflicted with OCD, in efforts to keep their repetitive thoughts and behaviors secret, failed to seek treatment. This led to underestimates of the number of people with the illness. Time changes all concepts. â€Å"OCD† is no exception. In the seventeenth century, obsessions and compulsions were often described as symptoms of religious melancholy. The Oxford Don, Robert Burton, reported a case in his compendium, the Anatomy of Melancholy(1621: â€Å"If he be in a silent auditory, as at a sermon, he is afraid he shall speak aloud and unaware, something indecent, unfit to be said†. In 1660, Jeremy Taylor, bishop of Down and Connor, Ireland, was referring to obsessional doubting when he wrote of â€Å"scruples†. A scruple is trouble where the trouble is over a doubt when doubts are resolved. OCD is recognized as the fourth most common mental disorder following, in order of occurrence, substance abuse, phobias, and major depression (Spengler, Jacobi, 1998). Perhaps part of the reason for the â€Å"confusion† is that several disorders manifest ideational processes that ar e much like the obsessional thinking in OCD. People with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) also have cognitive processes that are intrusive, repetitive, and exaggerated. The difference lies in how clients view their obsessions. OCD that comes and goes some children will have one obsession or compulsion for a few months and then it will disappear. There may be no obsessions or compulsions for years, and then they might return for no apparent reason. OCD that comes, but never exactly leaves a common pattern is for a person to have a number of obsessions and compulsions which are quite severe, but which then lessen, at least for awhile. Example of OCD that comes and goes: Jody was 6; she had a little â€Å"habit†. Before she picked up anything in her hand, she would very lightly touch it once with her index finger. When her parents asked her why, Jody just said that she liked to. There were no other obsessions or compulsions. Although no one mentioned it outside of the family, Jody’s mother and father became worried when Jody’s little sister, age 3 started imitating this habit. There were about to see their family doctor about this when it started to go away and never really came back. Two years later, after no signs of OCD, Jody started counting. She thought her mother, who had a routine hysterectomy, would die if she made a mistake. She was counting and checking her counting for errors each day. Only when they were in the pediatric psychiatrist’s office did they remember the â€Å"habit† she had at age 6. For a long time OCD was thought to be an infrequent disorder. In other words, it was believed to be rare among â€Å"general population†. Now, it is estimated that over the course of a lifetime approximately 2. 5 percent of individuals will develop this disorder. For children and adolescents, it is estimated that approximately the same percentage suffers from this disorder. In fact, this figure appears to be consistent with regard to American populations and worldwide populations, as well as male and female occurrences. Clinical and animal research sponsored by NIMH (National Institute of Mental Disorders) and other scientific organizations has provided information leading to both pharmacologic and behavioral treatments that can benefit the person with OCD. One patient may benefit significantly from behavior therapy, while another will benefit from pharmacotherapy. Some others may use both medication and behavior therapy. Others may begin with medication to gain control over their symptoms and then continue with behavior therapy. Which therapy to use should be decided by the individual patient in consultation with his/her therapist? Treatment with psychotherapy includes cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and behavioral therapy. In CBT, the goal is to change how a person thinks about, and then reacts to, a situation that makes them anxious or fearful. In behavioral therapy, the focus is on changing how a person reacts to a situation. BCT or behavioral therapy most often lasts for 12 weeks. It can be group or individual therapy. A special type of behavior therapy, call exposure and response prevention, is often used with OCD. With this approach, a person is exposed to whatever triggers the obsessive thoughts. Then the person is taught ways to avoid doing the compulsive rituals, and how to deal with the anxiety. Some studies have shown that the benefits of CBT or behavioral therapy las longer than do those of medications for people with OCD. Clinical trials in recent years have shown that drugs that affect the neurotransmitter serotonin can significantly decrease the symptoms of OCD. The first of these serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) specifically approved for the use in the treatment of OCD was tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine (Anafranil). It was followed by other SRIs that are called â€Å"selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors† (SSRIs). Those that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of OCD are fluoxetine (Prozac), fluvoxamine (Luvox), and paroxetine (Paxil). Large studies have shown that more than three-quarters of patients are helped by these medications at least a little. Another neurotransmitter is also believed to result in mental illness when it is not working properly, this neurotransmitter called nor epinephrine. Studies have revealed that individuals with OCD have an insufficient level or serotonin, one of the brain’s neurotransmitters. Other studies also reveal that some individuals with OCD have abnormalities in dopaminergic transmission. Commonly, OCD is first diagnosed when parents recognize that their young child or teenager seems preoccupied with ritualistic behaviors associated with excessive cleanliness or unusually meticulous organization, and they seek help from a mental health professional. Adults on the other hand, may seek professional help when they realize that it is becoming difficult for them to do their job or school work because they are spending too much time with their obsessive thoughts or compulsive behaviors. Therapists make the diagnosis of OCD by taking a careful personal history from the patient/client and any available family members, such as in the case of a young child. Although most people improve with adequate treatment, the condition can continue for many years. Primary care physician should be familiar with the various ways obsessive-compulsive disorder can present and should be able to recognize clues to the presence of obsessions or compulsions. Proper diagnosis and education about the nature of the disorder are important first steps in recovery. Treatment is rarely curative, but patients can have significant improvement in symptoms. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is chronic condition with a high rate of relapse. Discontinuation of treatment should be undertaken with caution. Patients should be closely monitored for comorbid depression and suicidal ideation. People with OCD sometimes also abuse alcohol and drugs and can have other illnesses, such as depression, eating disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or other anxiety disorders. When a person also has other illnesses, OCD is often harder to diagnose and treat. Symptoms of OCD include; having upsetting thoughts or images enter your mind again and again, washing your hands, cleaning, re-arranging objects, doing things until it feels â€Å"right,† or collecting useless objects, worrying a lot about terrible things that could happen if you are not careful. If you think you may have symptoms of OCD, visit your doctor is the best place to start. Keep in mind that it can be a challenge to find the right treatment for an anxiety disorder. But, if one treatment does not work, the odds are good that another one will. New treatments are being developed through ongoing research. If a person has recovered from an anxiety disorder and it comes back at a later date, the person can be treated again the skills you learned dealing with the disorder the first time can help you in coping with it again. As the twenty-first century begins, advances in pharmacology, neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and learning theory have allowed us to reach a more therapeutically useful conceptualization of OCD. Although the causes of the disorder still elude us, the recent identification of children with OCD caused by an autoimmune response to group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection promises to bring increased understanding of the disorder’s pathogenesis. References (n. d). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Washington, District of Columbia, US: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women’s Health; the National Women’s Health Information Center. Retrieved from PsycEXTRA http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=truedb=pxhAN=303972004-001site=ehost-livedatabase. Depression Anxiety (1091-4269); 2008, Vol. 25 Issue 9, p761-767, 7p, 3 Charts, 2 http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=truedb=a9hAN=34281062site=ehost-live Abel, J. (1994, March). Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Interdisciplinary Treatment May Be Best. Clinician’s Research Digest, p. . Retrieved from PsycEXTRA database. Stanford Medicine  » School of Medicine  » Departments  » Psychiatry  » OCD Research »Treatment http://ocd. stanford. edu/treatment/history. html Symptoms of OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder)http://counsellingresource. com/distress/anxiety-disorders/obsessive-compulsive. html The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is part of the National I nstitutes of Health (NIH), a component of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. http://www. nimh. nih. gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/index. shtml How to cite Mental Illness Paper, Papers

Coca Cola Origin in Australia

Question: Discuss about the Coca Cola Origin in Australia. Answer: Introduction: Its in 1904 that Coca Colas origin in Australia dates back to, wherein it started as the British Tobacco company. It was in 1964 that the companys first foray came in with the Coca-Cola Bottlers purchase in Perth, and in 1972 this company was listed in the Australian Stock Exchange. The companys primary focus gradually then became the snack foods and soft drinks and was later renamed in 1973 as Allied Manufacturing and then in 1977 as Amatil Limited. It then began expanding its operations of bottling in Europe overseas, it then purchased 1982 the bottling plant in Australia and expanded further in the year 1987 into New Zealand and Fiji. In 1989 a majority of the companys stakes got purchased by the Coca-Cola Company, although its ownership toda is at 29% ("Coca-Cola Amatil | Home" [2016]). The WD HO Wills tobacco division was sold in year 1989 to the British American Tobacco company ("British American Tobacco Australia - British American Tobacco Australia" [ 2016]). In the year 1992 the food operations were sold, and a new company, the Coca-Cola Beverages were spun off in the European operations in the year 1998. Its expansion continued in Asia, the Filipino bottling though was sold eventually to the parent Coca-Cola Company and San Miguel Brewery. The facilities of Coca Cola Amaltis is all over in Australia, the key sites being at North Sydney (NSW), Northmead (NSW), Moorabbin (Vic.), Richlands (Qld), Hazelmere (WA) and Thebarton (SA). The CCA from 2006 to 2011 had with SABMiller a joint venture called the Pacific Beverages which was there for distribution of beverages in Australia. The Fosters Group was acquired in 2011 by SABMiller and in exchange the full ownership of the Pacific Beverages, the Samoa and Fiji operations was sold by Fosters in 2012 to Coca-Cola Amatil. The Coca Cola Amatil have about 19000 employees. Worldwide the statistics present that in the year 2011 there were some 146.2 thousand people who were employed in the company and this number continues to grow. In 201 the revenue of the company amounted in U.S. dollars to about 46 million. The global headquarters of Coca-Cola company is in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Previous Logo There are various regulatory frameworks in the country which have had and an effect on the company. There was much controversy that Coca-Cola was surrounded in when it opposed fiercely the public policy of Cash for Containers. This allegation of the company that they were using the wealth and power to an advantage that was unfair over a public regulation became prominent damaging the impression of the company. The allegation were supported even John Hyde by the WA former shadow minister. There were various allegations that were made against Coca Cola Amatil damaging their reputation. It was stated by Director of Corporate Affairs Coca-Cola Amatil Alec Wagstaff that the beverage industry had in fact spent quite a lot of money campaigning against the promoters of the Cash for Container Scheme which was the Green Party, since this regulatory obligation could cause damage to the profits of the company. There were similar tactics which were used in Western Australia by the beverage compan y and they were blamed for the rejection by the Government of the Cash for Container scheme despite the fact that the container-recycling rate of the states were a dismal 20 only. The Coca-Cola Amatil along with Lion and Schweppes brough in 2013 an action against the Cash for Containers policy of the Northern Territory government which was also known as the legislation for Container deposit which as scheme for recycling stating that the same breach the Mutual Recognition Act 1992 ("Money for empties" [2016]) ("MUTUAL RECOGNITION ACT 1992" [2016]). There was a legal requirement that was created by the legislation that those goods which are imported into or produced in the 1st State that may be sold in that state lawfully may be sold in the second state as well (2016). It was argued by the Beverage Companies that this Cash for Containers policy which had recently been introduced, and which within the limited time that it operated had double the recycling rate in Northern Territory by thirty percent, was hindering the said right which required that the company should implement for the same product different process of production in different territories and state (Radio National 2016). There is an exemption in South Australia from actions that is legal in nature as the scheme of Container Deposit here precedes the Act (Radio National, 2016). It was in favour of the Beverage Companies that the federal court ruled in favour of. There was a lot of public agitation that arose due to this judgment and the Facebook page of Coca Cola was bombarded and there were even demands of completing boycotting the product. This not only damaged the image of the company but also its production and profit for a considerable period of time (NewsComAu, 2016) (Packaging News | Jobs | Production | Design | Innovation, 2013). It was found according to a poll in 2008 called Clean Up Australia that there was 80% of the population which supported the policy of Cash for Containers a recycling scheme by which 20 cent deposit would be refunded to the customer as a reward for returning the container back. It was argued by the company that the Cash for Container policy was actually costly and ineffective and an alternative solution of National Bin Network was suggested by them. This case highlighted the fact that the regulatory requirements for the company should be be uniform across the state. It is stated by the Mutual Recognition Act (Austlii.edu.au, 2016) that its purpose is the promotion of integration in the economy and between the participants increased trade. There will be one technique of regulation that the government will have to ensure that there is reduction in the regulatory impediments so that the services and goods can move across the jurisdictions. This purpose is a sound and required provision of the company. Since there is no proper compliance to it has led to there being for the company through proposed state and territory based deposit scheme of container and regulations for beverage and food that is state based and regulation of the beverage. For example the Government of NSW regulation that recently requires in which the standard food menu outlets should have on the menu the kilojoule counts of the food being served is adding to the c ompanys cost of compliance. . There is also fragmentation in the policies and programs for Emission reduction, policy for waste and water; this had led to there being an increase operation of the business nationally. There is no coordination and an inconsistency in the range of water, waste and energy policies and program at the Territory and State level and the Commonwealth, and also regulations which are duplicate, impose burden on the manufacturing sector of beverage and food which are not necessary. The company further should not be interpreting the food labels role in the merits of health or otherwise as that product which is within the total diet of the consumer. This should be an advice on the part of health and nutritional education and policy. The multiple regulations for traffic light labeling in the packet systems from the main objective of which is the attempt of making the choice of food simpler for the consumers by putting a label on them based on the nutrient content whether they unhealthy or healthy. This categorization of the sale has only increased the cost of compliance for the company. The commitment of CCA is towards beverage and food manufacturing in Australian which include the regional Australia as well. This is done by using of products which are available locally and employment of people that are local whenever the same is possible. However similar to the issues that are being faced by their peers as well, there are various operational challenges that the company faces, which includes, however is not limited to, rise in the cost of input, rate of exchange, support of consumer for innovation that is local, a regulatory burden which is increasing and a rise in the cost of business which is driven by social agenda and environment. For the future viability of the company it is necessary for the government to support the abolition of the taxation of the state payroll for the sector of manufacturing, particularly in the sector of beverage and food. The depreciation that is accelerated in the re-equipment of the sector that is non-mining is proving detrimental for the company. The depreciation which is accelerated for the carbon and water emission which is in turn reducing the technology and equipment is further causing damage to the cost of company. There needs to a restoration of a level of Research and Development that is reasonable for the sector of manufacturing, in particular that of beverage and food manufacturing. There is requirement for a national system for product composition and labeling which is streamlined so that it is ensured that a product which has its manufacturing in Australia anywhere can be sold nationally and legally. This no uniformity is causing an increased cost of compliance for the com pany. The high regulatory burdens are associated with cost of regulatory compliance which is high at the Federal as well as the Territory and State level. These include regulations and standards for food, social and environmental regulations, regulations for planning, requirements with respect to occupational safety and health and relations at the workplace. There being a lack, across the Commonwealth, Territory and State, of uniformity and problems related to jurisdiction as well. There are concerns related with the Clean Energy Legislative package of the government related to carbon pricing which has created on the company an additional burden on manufacturing local, and there is drive up in the cost as compared to the international competitors of the company where these burdens are not in existence or have been considerably subsidized. An evident significant overlap which is there is between the regulation for Australian Consumer protection and Food Standards Code (ABC News, 2016). It is in the area of product representations and claims and application of claims which are misleading, deceptive and false which is a glaring example of this. There is an additional burden which is introduced on the company due to the over lapping of the Consumer and Competition Law which is overlapping with the State and Territory Food Act over provisions that are related to mandatory recall by notifying such incidents which have been associated with illness, death or serious injury. With respect to the various anti-dumping agreements which are in place already, food dumping is major issue with the company. The company is advocating for easy and ready access to measures which will have a purpose which is clear for the prevention of goods which are being dumped in the country and proving detrimental to the company as well as the domestic sector (Bloomberg.com, 2016). The regulations provide an ability for competing on the global market equitably with the measures for anti dumping providing for equitable and transparent remedies, however it does not encourage or allow frivolous or vexatious claims. The measures of administration should be such that there processed in a timely manner such that the cost to the company is minimized as well the uncertainties which are there for the business and also provide a remedy that is swift to an injuring activity, or that may cause an injury to the domestic sector (Ausfoodnews.com.au, 2016). There is an effect on the company by the international anti-free trade measures as well. While upon being a party to the agreement there has been a general benefit to the country due to there being a more open economy, there has been an impact on the sector dealing with food processing due to pressure that is there of competition that is global in the overseas market as well as at home. There is evidence of this pressure in the increase of imports of vegetable and fruits which are cheap and processed and decrease in the export steadily, a trend which has been long-term had been accentuated by the conditions of the current market due to the price of Australian dollar being high. This has resulted in the profits of the company being decreased due to the openness which has been introduced in the market. References Abc.net.au. (2016).PM - NT's container deposit scheme fails court challenge 04/03/2013. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2013/s3703117.htm [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. ABC News. (2016). One can a week is OK: Coca-Cola Amatil hits back in obesity row. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-02/coke-one-can-not-harmful-coca-cola-obesity/7212744 [Accessed 23 Aug. 2016]. Ausfoodnews.com.au. (2016). Coca-Cola-Amatil | Australian Food News. [online] Available at: https://ausfoodnews.com.au/tag/coca-cola-amatil [Accessed 23 Aug. 2016]. Austlii.edu.au. (2016).Mutual Recognition act 1992. [online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/mra1992221/ [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Bata.com.au. (2016).British American Tobacco Australia - British American Tobacco Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.bata.com.au/group/sites/BAT_9RNFLH.nsf/vwlivelookupHomePage/HOME?opendocument [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Bloomberg.com. (2016). Coca-Cola Amatil Apologizes After $367 Million SPC Writedown - Bloomberg. [online] Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-18/coca-cola-amatil-apologizes-after-a-404-million-spc-writedown [Accessed 23 Aug. 2016]. Ccamatil.com. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.ccamatil.com/-/media/Cca/Corporate/Files/Annual-Reports/2015/CCA166-CCA-Annual-Report-2015-WEB_final.ashx [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Ccamatil.com. (2016).Coca-Cola Amatil | Home. [online] Available at: https://www.ccamatil.com/ [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. NewsComAu. (2016).Anger at Coke's successful bid to abolish Northern Territory recycling deposit. [online] Available at: https://www.news.com.au/national/anger-at-cokes-successful-bid-to-abolish-northern-territory-recycling-deposit/story-fncynjr2-1226590581256 [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Packaging News | Jobs | Production | Design | Innovation. (2013).Coke under fire from angry consumers after successful bid to abolish container deposit scheme. [online] Available at: https://www.packagingnews.co.uk/news/coke-under-fire-from-angry-consumers-after-successful-bid-to-abolish-container-deposit-scheme-12-03-2013 [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Radio National. (2016).Money for empties. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/backgroundbriefing/money-for-empties/3588236 [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Radio National. (2016).Money for empties. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/backgroundbriefing/money-for-empties/3588236#transcript [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016].

Lack Of Sleep Ages BodyS Systems Essays - Dream, Sleep, Parasomnias

Lack Of Sleep Ages Body'S Systems Reaction Paper 1 (Sample Reaction Paper) Ron Gerrard, HWS Psychology Department My paper is based on an article from the texts web site (chapter 9) entitled Lack of sleep ages bodys systems. The basic claim of the article is that sleep deprivation has various harmful effects on the body. The reported effects include decreased ability to metabolize glucose (similar to what occurs in diabetes) and increased levels of cortisol (a stress hormone involved in memory and regulation of blood sugar levels). The article also briefly alludes (in the quote at the bottom of page 1) to unspecified changes in brain and immune functioning with sleep deprivation. Intuitively, these results make a lot of sense to me. I know that when Im sleep deprived for any significant amount of time, I begin to feel physically miserable. I also seem to be more vulnerable to colds and other physical ailments. In thinking about it though, most of the times Im sleep deprived are also periods of psychological stress (such as finals week). To the extent that there are changes in my physical well-being, Im wondering whether they are due to the sleep deprivation, the stress itself, or some combination of the two. In principle, a careful experiment should be able to isolate the effects of sleep deprivation by depriving people of sleep in the absence of stress and other such confounding variables. That seems to be what this experiment does, but as I read the article closely, I found myself unsure that the effects it reports are necessarily due to sleep deprivation per se. I realize that a brief summary article like this does not provide all the details of the experimental methodology, but a couple of things that were reported in the article struck me as curious. The researchers studied physical functioning (cortisol levels, etc.) in men who had a normal nights sleep (eight hours in bed) the first three nights of the study, followed by a period of sleep deprivation (four hours in bed) the next six nights of the study, and finally a period of sleep recovery (12 hours in bed) the last seven nights of the study. In reporting the effects on the body (the discussion of glucose metabolism, in the fifth paragraph of the article) the authors compare the sleep deprivation stage only to the sleep recovery stage, not to normal sleep. This seems to me like doing an experiment on drunkenness and comparing the drunk stage to the hangover stage, without ever reporting what happens when the person is sober. Since normal sleep would seem to be the appropriate control c ondition here, the absence of results from that condition makes me wonder if something unusual was found there and not reported in the article. Another potential problem comes from the sequential nature of the different sleep conditions. All participants had normal sleep, then sleep deprivation, then sleep recovery (in that order). Therefore, the three conditions differ not only in the amount of sleep, but also in the level of familiarity with the experimental procedures. Why should that make a difference? Well, consider the results reported for the stress hormone cortisol. In comparing people who are sleep deprived (days 4-9 of the study) with those who are in sleep recovery (days 10-16 of the study), they are comparing people early in the experiment to those later in the experiment. If the experimental procedures are themselves stressful (e.g. drawing a blood sample) then a person who has been through it more often might find it less stressful, and therefore not respond so strongly. This fact, rather than the amount of sleep itself, might explain the pattern of results in the physiological data. Im not sure whether the methodological issues Ive raised really do account for all the studys results, but they should be corrected in future research on sleep deprivation. The easiest way to do this, it seems to me, would be to simply compare two different groups of participants, randomly assigned to either a normal sleep condition or a sleep deprivation condition. Each participant would be in his/her respective condition throughout the experiment, so there would not be any difference in general experimental familiarity that could account for

25 Lessons From Guest Blogging For The Top Blogs In The World

25 Lessons From Guest Blogging For The Top Blogs In The World During the past few years, I’ve written for some of the most popular marketing blogs in the world. Blogs like Social Media Examiner, MarketingProfs, Copyblogger, Problogger, KISSMetrics, and the list goes on and on. It’s been an honor to guest blog for such amazing publications. And along the way, I’ve learned a thing or two. So, if you’re thinking about guest blogging as a way to market your company, this will help you get started. Or if you’re already guest blogging, then this will help you get even more out of it. When guest blogging, the first thing you need to do is find good blogs to write for. 1. Know what audience you want to target. So before you jump in, there are a few things to consider: Are you looking to write on a blog in your industry? Or are you looking to write on a blog that your customers read? For instance, my company focuses on marketing software for small businesses. I could either write for marketing blogs such as or I can write for small business blogs. 2. Use Google to find relevant blogs. The first and most obvious place to look for a guest blogging opportunity is Google. Once you know  the type of blog that you want to write for, you simply Google the name of your industry and â€Å"write for us†. So if you Google â€Å"small business† and â€Å"write for us†, you’ll see a list of small business blogs that accept guest posts: Pore through them to find the  blogs that are most aligned your goals. 3. Try Twitter to find relevant blogs. If you go to search.twitter.com and click on â€Å"Advanced Search†, you’re brought to the following screen: In the â€Å"All of these words† field, enter the niche that you want to write for. In the â€Å"This exact phrase† field, enter the words â€Å"write for us†. You should see a list of blogs asking for guest posts. 4. Look through the blogs you follow. Look for guest blogging opportunities on the blogs that you currently read. Do all of the authors of the blog work for the company? If they don’t, it’s a good bet that they accept guest posts. 5. Investigate the size of the blog. The truth is, writing a blog post takes a lot of time. And you want to get the most exposure possible. To see how much traffic a blog gets, I do two things: First, I check out their Alexa ranking. Even though it’s only an estimate, it gives me some indication as to how many readers the blog has. After I look at their Alexa ranking, I scroll through the most recent 10–20 posts to see how many social media shares each post gets. These are mostly vanity metrics, but they’ll give you a sense for how many people will interact with your post. 6. Make sure the blog has an engaged audience. If you’re looking to guest blog to get traffic to your site and build your email list, then writing for blogs with a high comment to share ratio is extremely important. For instance, I wrote a post on Boost Blog Traffic: It received a ton of comments relative to the number of social media shares. It’s no accident that during the time this post was written, it was my largest source of referral traffic- even though I had written for much bigger blogs. It’s not always the size of the blog that matters. It’s just as important to have active and engaged readers. When #guestblogging, blog size doesn’t always matter. Active readers do.7. Make sure your target audience reads the blog. One of the most critical factors for guest blogging success is ensuring the audience is a proper fit for you. The biggest blog in the world will do you absolutely no good if your customers don’t read it. Make sure you understand the demographics of the blog’s audience to ensure your customers read it. Ask To Write A Guest Blog Once you find a blog you want to write for, you’ll need to apply to contribute a guest post to that blog. 8. Choose a topic based on what was successful. Read the last three to six months’ worth of blog posts to get a feel for the content the blog publishes and what type of posts the audience likes to read. The posts with the most comments and shares probably get the most traffic, and in the blog editors  mind, are the most successful. Contribute an idea that is similar  to a successful post to increase your chances of it being accepted. So, as a person who is interested in writing for the small business audience, here’s how I would create a topic and headline: One of my favorite small business blogs is called Under30CEO. After doing my research, I find that a lot of the posts that do well are about  increasing your company’s visibility. Now that I know  what works, I would say something like: 5 Practical Ways to Get Your Company in Front of Your Prospects, Even if You Dont Have a Huge Budget 9. Create the guest blog outline. A brief outline will give me a better idea of how the post is going to be constructed, what it will include, and how it will benefit the blog’s readers. You only need to spend 20 minutes on the outline. Just enough time to flesh out your ideas. 10. Write the email to the blog you’ll contribute to. Here’s the email script that I use often  to pitch my guest blogs. Figure Out The Best Post Type For That Blog When you’re guest blogging, there are typically three types of posts that you can write. 11. Long list posts work. A long list post is successful because the sheer numbers blow readers away. That’s why it attracts a lot of attention. The key, though, is to blow your audience away. For instance, I wrote this post on KISSMetrics. And it did amazingly well. And it even got featured on Entrepreneur: This post would have been lost in the Internet if I had simply wrote about seven email marketing tools. The fact that I had compiled such a huge list is what made this post so successful. 12. Analyze other people. Another type of post you can write is to analyze other people. In another guest  post, I analyzed how five different companies deployed psychological triggers in their marketing to get more customers. I backed these tactics with facts that the companies published as well as scientific research. 13. Try personal stories or case studies. This is by far the most powerful post if you want to get your story out there, build your email list, and sell your products and services. When I wrote, â€Å"Why Quitting May Be the Most Profitable Thing You do This Year†, I told the story of how I was absolutely lost as an entrepreneur. I didn’t know where my next customer was going to come from. I let all my emotions go. I can’t tell you how many emails I received from people who have said they knew exactly how I felt. I was able to connect in a very real and personal way. To date, this post has been the single largest contributor to my email list. The day it went live, I had well over 400 people subscribe. Promote Yourself With Guest Blogging Guest blogging can be a brilliant marketing strategy- if you promote yourself correctly. If not, it’ll be a colossal waste of time. 14. Focus on conversions and landing pages. Neil Patel has seen conversions on landing pages increase by 10% simply by personalizing his landing page. Instead of sending people to a generic landing page, send them to a page that has a headline like â€Å"Welcome, Readers.† 15. Provide relevant and useful offers. It’s extremely tough to split test this, but when you’re guest blogging, I find that an offer related to your guest post will get more email subscribers than your general lead magnet. For instance, let’s say I’m writing a guest post titled â€Å"25 Lessons From Guest Blogging For The Top Blogs In The World.† :) I could either send all of my traffic to a generic landing page, or I could create an offer that reveals 30 popular blogs that accept guest posts. The second offer is much more relevant to my post, and should perform a lot better. 16. Grow your following with Twitter. Believe it or not, guest blogging is an effective way to grow your Twitter following. When you guest blog on a popular blog, you can be sure that it will get a lot of tweets and retweets. After your guest post goes live, copy and paste the URL from the post into search.twitter.com. And you will see everyone who has tweeted your post. Follow each person who tweeted your post, and a large majority will follow you back. Remember, they just read an article by you, so they’re clearly interested in the type of content you produce! 17. The funnel is overrated. Some of my most lucrative offers came not because someone gave me their email address on my landing page, but because they read my post and asked me if I wanted to do work for them. In another life, I ran a marketing agency focusing on content marketing. After I wrote a blog post on Copyblogger, I received this email offer to work with Shopify: And that’s not the only time guest blogging helped me land a gig. More often than not, when companies would ask for my writing portfolio, I would simply show them various posts I had written for popular blogs. It was the kind of social proof and validation that many of my competitors didn’t have. 18. Use guest blogging as social proof. If you go to my friend Henneke’s blog, you’ll see that she’s been â€Å"seen on† some large and popular blogs. She is able to put these logos on her site because she’s written guest blogs on each of them. Guest blogging offers a third-party social proof similar to a public relations campaign. When someone sees that you’ve been featured on the popular sites in your industry, they know your ideas have already been validated. This brings you one step closer to making that sale. 19. You must guest blog consistently. Unfortunately, guest blogging is sold as the magic elixir for traffic. How many times have you heard this before: #Guestblogging is a way to build a popular blog. Well, that’s only half true. You have to guest blog consistently. Consistent #guestblogging is a way to build a popular blog. These numbers show traffic from guest blogging over the course of two months: I don’t mean that to scare you because the numbers are not large by any stretch. Like most endeavors, building your blog through guest blogging takes time and commitment. 20. Build your relationships. A few years ago, I was building a blog of my own called â€Å"Sales Leads in 30 Days.† I needed to get traffic to my blog. I had already written guest posts on several popular blogs, including KISSMetrics, which is owned by Neil Patel. He’s a popular Internet marketer with a very large Twitter following. Because I had already written for his blog in the past, I had a small relationship with him. So I â€Å"leveraged† that relationship in order to get some traffic to my new blog. That one single tweet brought 154 pageviews and 142 unique pageviews to that post. Mind you, this doesn’t seem like a huge amount of traffic, but this was the first post to the new blog, and this was only one tweet. 21. Promote case studies and user stories. I’ve used guest blogging to publish case studies and user stories to help bring attention to my services. But right now, no one is doing this as effectively as Noah Kagan from Appsumo. Everywhere you look, you see him promoting his new site Sumome- even on this blog. In this post, Noah gives some really valuable content that you can apply to your blog immediately. However, he also has the innate ability to talk about Sumome and the tool’s effect on getting more traffic to every post. If you can work your product or service into your guest post without it being an outright advertisement, your guest post will be much more effective. Be Prepared For Comments And Feedback The very first time I had ever received a comment on any blog post was the first time I wrote for Copyblogger. To be honest, I never really gave it much thought. However, once you put yourself out there for the world to see, you open yourself up to criticism. 22. Most comments are good. Luckily, most people are going to love your work. That’s because you’ve undergone an editorial standard from the popular blog that prohibits bad posts from coming through. And when you read how great you are from hundreds of people, it makes you feel really freakin’ good about yourself. But there is also the other side of the coin†¦. 23. Some comments suck. I had just spent 25 hours compiling a list of email marketing tools unlike any the Internet has seen. I poured my heart and soul into that guest blog. And one of the first comments I received was a snarky complaint about how my grammar was incorrect: The world is full of critics. Sometimes you just have to grit your teeth and smile. Bonus Lessons For Guest Blogging Here are just a few things I picked up that really didn’t fit into any of the categories. 24. Guest blogging requires a big time commitment. I often underestimate how long a post will take. The 67 email tools post I wrote took me 25 hours. The post I wrote on Copyblogger titled â€Å"In Defense of Quitting† took even longer. And if you want to be effective with your guest blogging, then its something you’ll have to do consistently. If there was an opposite to â€Å"get rich quick†, then guest blogging is it. Sure, it can help you sell more products and services. But like all things in the land of entrepreneurship, it’s a grind. 25. Guest blogging isn’t for everyone. Guest blogging is a strategy that allows writers to leverage their strength. Just as a public speaker leverages a stage to promote his ideas, guest blogging gives writers the platform to get their ideas into the world.

Cancer at the molecular level Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cancer at the molecular level - Essay Example (Normal cell cycle) (Genetic mutation- causes alteration in genes) (Alberts, 2007) Cancer is a genetic phenomenon that onsets as a result of trigger in the signal transduction of normal cell cycle, causing alteration in the cellular pathway for uncontrolled proliferation figuring malignant tumors. Cancer cells are not confined to one location and they turn invasive, spread to the nearby tissues initially and gradually their seedlings are carried to different parts/ organs of the body via lymph or blood causing invasion of the cancer to other tissues and organs. This stage is called metastasis. On the contrary, some cancer cells do not display uncontrolled growth, they are non-invasive and do not spread, such stage of cancer only forms benign tumors (Alberts, 2007). Cancer Proliferation Cancer is initiated in the cell, the basic unit of any living entity. Under normal conditions the cell follow the regular cell cycle but any chemical, physical or biological agent may trigger the conve rsion of proto-oncogene to oncogene, the active form of cancer causing gene which is responsible for the altered metabolism of the cell. The genetic basis of cancer has been revealed through numerous animal models. The human Genome Project aids in improving preclusion, analysis and management of cancer with better efficacy (Luo, 2008). Luo et al (2008) have identified essential genes in 12 cancer cell lines, they were exploited to find the presumed and established oncogenes such as KRAS, EGFR, MYC, MYB, BCR-ABL, CDK4 and CRKL that are vital for cancer cell proliferation and are found to be altered in the human cancers. Their findings postulate that tumoricidal agents trigger the expression of four genes PTPN1, NF1, SMARCB1, and SMARCE1. Moreover, five regulators are also activated in response to FAS activation, FAS, FADD, CASP8, ARID1A and CBX1. The information is beneficial for pursuing future cancer studies as well as for therapeutics. A comparative study between normal stem cells and cancer stem cells states that signal transduction namely Bmi1 and Wnt are shared by the normal as well as cancer stem cells for cellular proliferation. Perception and thorough understanding for cancer stem cells will certainly aid in recognition of the drug targets and cancer therapeutics (Lobo, 2007). Basis of cancer Any mutation may result in abnormal proliferation. However, mutations are generally insignificant and mutant cells are eradicated but accretion of mutation may occur in dividing cells resulting in cancer. Cancer causing mutation directly influence the cellular machinery including the genetic damage as well as signaling pathways and hence the entire cell division process is affected. As stem cells are pluripotent, long-lived as compared to their short lived descendant cells, they are vulnerable to the genotoxic elements causing oncogenic mutations (Pardal et al, 2003). Observations reveals that cancer tends to relapse after treatment. The genetic basis that has bee n postulated encompass the involvement of cancer stem cells. Research disclose that cancer stem cells play a pivotal role in cancer relapse as stem cells are not targeted by the conventional drugs and as these cancer stem cells are pluripotent they have potential to divide thereby generating tumor again. Much understanding of the cancer could be procured

Literacy Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literacy Narrative - Essay Example This made me have a hard time to establish relationships with my colleagues especially because my parents pushed me hard to maintain good grades while I struggle to resist the diversions like my love for soccer. Because of this, I had to balance my time for academics and at the same time extracurricular activities and make sure not one of which would pull one down. Sooner, I realized that the free society of America was to my advantage because it had given me the freedom that I did not enjoy at home. Whenever I am in school or with friends, I am truly me. However, the price to pay for that freedom would be the fact that I had to be more responsible for my own actions and the consequences of which. During my whole experience, one of the most useful lessons I learned would be learning how other foreign students survive and at the same time enjoy themselves in this situation. This really made my life a lot easier as I would not have to go through the rocky roads instead, walk in the paved ones already. Another would be knowing that practice makes perfect. Thus, to do so, during the weekly get togethers in the Global Heritage Hall of the campus, I threw myself in every conversation I can have with friends that spoke English because I know it would strengthen my language grasp and command over spoken and written English. Aside from that, I even made more friends, two of whom were Americans who had come from Texas. It was the time when I found out that surviving language barrier was not an impossible dream at all. My journey did not stop with just learning new English words and putting it all together to make a sensible statement. One of the important factors in learning a new language would be humor. I consider it as a vital factor that connected people of different walks in life and race not only through words but at the same time through memorable dialogue and helped us to overcome the awkwardness of the language wall. I

A Strategy for Co-op Supermarket Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

A Strategy for Co-op Supermarket - Essay Example But even as outsourcing allows organizations to develop cost-efficiency; it increases certain issues of ethics and corporate social responsibility for the organizations. Outsourcing has to be properly managed since it raises ethical concerns such as the misuse of labor and the impact on the environment as pollution increases as a result of transportation. In this proposal, we attempt to present a strategy for Co-op Supermarket to develop an environmentally friendly approach while remaining competitive in terms of price and choice. Supply Chain Management and Ethics Before we proceed further, we first need to understand the concept of supply chain management and its relation to ethics. ‘Supply chain management has been defined as â€Å"the management of upstream and downstream relationships with suppliers, distributors and customers to achieve greater customer value-added at less total cost† (Wilding, 2003). The term relationship within the context of supply chain managem ent is vital since it pertains to a relationship with not just the suppliers but also the customers. The customers demand that the supply chain management be ethically sound or else the organization runs the risk of losing its loyal customers. The concept of ethics in supply chain management was activated when BBC Panorama exposed the unethical supply chains of sports and clothing companies such as Nike and Gap. These companies hired under-aged Cambodians at minimum wages in order to keep down prices for the end users. However, the end users after realizing the real cause behind the low prices revolted and soon organization began to explore the concept of ethical supply chain management. Along with this issue, the issue of increased pollution as a result of outsourcing suppliers was raised. Though managers cannot control all aspects of the supply chain manager, they still are accountable for the issue and thus the responsibility lies with them. With respect to ethical supply chain m anagement, the concept of green supply chain management has emerged. Green supply chain management understands the environmental impact of the supply chain and takes steps to ensure that the negative impacts are kept to a minimum. For example, Wal-Mart introduced a new packaging scorecard for its suppliers including Unilever, Proctor & Gamble, and Walmart in order to reduce waste production (Basu and Wright, 2007). The Current Dilemma The biggest challenge that Co-op Supermarket is facing at this time, with regard to its supply chain management, is the lack of integration between its supply chain management and ethical policy. Currently, Co-op’s fashion products being sold in the supermarket are outsourced from China which raises the issue of pollution through increased transportation. Outsourcing may reduce costs for the organization but at the same time, it is increasing the impact on the environment. Since fashion products are basically innovative products, the organizatio n needs a responsive strategy in its supply chain management which is able to deal with the changing demands of the customers. When the fashion changes, demand for the products also change and thus the organization cannot hope to reduce transportation costs by shipping finished products in bulk.  

The changing role of Human resource management

The changing role of Human resource management Human Resource Management is continuous and never ending process, the main aim of the Human Resource Management is to attain the goals of the organization and individuals. In addition organization goals are survival, growth and development to profitability, productivity, innovation, excellence, where as individual goals of the employee is job satisfaction, job security, high salary, fringe benefits, challenging work, pride, status, recognition, opportunity for the development of the organization and individuals. Earlier day of the business environment everyone is used personnel management, later on due to modernization the importance of the human resource management is increasing day to day and their role in the organization is established in to all other departments. (Corpuz, 2006) The features of the Human Resource Management Human Resource Management is a responsible department of all line managers and it is a function of staff managers in an organization Human Resource Management is managing the human resources at work Human Resource Management is the centric point of the organization and it interacts all types of functional management like production management, marketing management and financial management Human Resource Managements aim is securing employees co- operation in attaining the organizational goals (Corpuz, 2006) Functions of Human Resource Management The functions of Human Resource Management is classified in to two types, they are Managerial Function Planning: planning is most important concept in business management, where as Human resource management participation is also intended in the planning for the effective decision making Organizing: organizing is managerial function of the HRM, which helps the organization in organizing the works properly for the departments and the employee Directing: it is a managerial function of human resource management which leads in directing the work and motivating other for their involvement in the work Controlling: this is the most important concept of human resource management in controlling the work as well as workers (John, 2001) Operative Function Employment: Recruiting effective and efficient individuals with appropriate selection procedure and showing placement with proper induction and orientation Human Resource Development: Human Resource Development can be achieved by proper training with career planning and development and with associating with organizational growth Compensation: providing benefits and security to the individual for those who work in organization the benefits and securities like incentives, fringe benefits , bonus and social security (John, 2001) HRM strategy Strategy is plan of action of any work, where as human resource management strategies is managing the roles of the employee, developing and compensating for creating and developing the relation and effective utilization of the human resource with proper plan of action in achieving the organizational and individual goals and objectives. HRM strategy is classified in two types they are Functional strategy and Organizational Strategy (John, 2001). Human Resource Management Strategies for Modern organizations A employee should be with appropriate human resources for the better results Create corporate culture for individual excellence Rewarding the employee for meeting the organizational goals and objectives Employee development for successful accomplishing the roles Managing the organizational image with absolute usage of the resources Making employee reliable to adapt the change of environment of the business Facilitate management initiatives Managing the cultural transitions like mergers and alliances Replacement of top down interventions with companywide participation in addition of getting profits (Hendry, 1995) HR Value Proposition The Human Resource Value Proposition have some elements, that generates a strategic work design and it going the represent the characteristics of the Human Resources, this HR value proposition have major five elements, which encompass the Human Resources Function with in the organization perfectly. Five Element of HR value Proposition Five Elements of HR value Proposition Knowing External Business Realities Serving External and Internal Stake holders Crafting the Human Resources Practices Building HR Resources Ensuring HR Professionalism It is conceptual work force which drives the responsibilities of HR effectively Knowing external business realities like technologies, globalization, economics and demographics Serving external and internal stake holders like customers, investors, managers and employees Crafting the Human Resources practices, whereas like people, performance, information and work Building Human Resource strategy and organization Ensuring Human Resource Professionalism like as HR roles, competencies and development (David, 2005) LITERATURE REVIEW According to Pulapa Subba Rao, Human Resource Management is managing (planning, organizing, directing and controlling) the functions of employing, developing and compensating human relation and utilization of human resources with a view to contribute proportionate to the organizational, individual and social goals. Strategic Human Resource Management is course of action which is used to enhance the career development of the organization, recently Strategic Human Resource Management importance is increasing day to day due major issues in the organization and performance of the organization too. Here Human Resource manager should exactly match the strategies with the organization policies, usually human resource strategies are developed for what we know about the organization and what is the destination of the organization. Where strategic human resource includes about the recruitment, selection, training and development, compensation, performance appraisal, they major areas where Human Resource should be concentrated. Strategic Human Resource should change according to the environment of the organization. Strategic Human Resources are mainly concentrated on these features Development of the organization Expansion of the organization services Productivity and services of the organization Redirection of the organization Here productivity is leading to the development and expansion of the organization by proper strategic human resource management in the organization with effective and efficient human resource. (Mark, (1988)). Glueck defined the strategy as unified, comprehensive and integrated plan designed to ensure that the basic objectives of the enterprise are achieved. John and Richard define strategic management as the set of decisions and subsequent actions used to formulate and implement strategies that will optimizing the fit between the organization and its environment in an effort to achieve organizational objectives. Strategies of HR are devoted more time to boarder organizational issues, thereby improving its contribution to mission and vision accomplishment. In delegation OPMs 1997 special study, Deregulation and Delegation of Human Resource Management Authority in Federal Government, have not quickly approached to expected level, their obligation is that still most of HR are doing related HR works and they are never been centric of Human resource management activities, that why the organization molded the hr office for the accomplishment of the mission of the organization, while many of line managers are undergone for the interview about the HR activities no one is with proper answer, moreover HR work integrated with stimulated works like Recruitment and Selection, training and development, compensation and many more activities which have to look after by the HR official with proper strategy implementation in fulfilling (US Office of Personnel Management.(1999). In these modern days US adopting the variety performance enhancing or progressive Human Resource Management practices to improve their competitiveness in the global market, this type recommendation created professional in organization for betterment of their performance in their work culture. Here study is describing the HRM system and organizational performance. Many of organization adopting latest HRM system which going to impact the organization performance, with strategically conceptual frame works, these systems are going to enhance the employee skills and ability in work environment of the organization, apart from the employee are hired with highly sophisticated procedure of recruiting eligible candidates. By providing comprehensive training and development for employees after selecting them and also increasing the current employee levels of skills, abilities and motivating them towards the work, because skilled employees are very limited and they are not motivated properly tow ards the work definitely it going to impact on the performance of the organization. Finally HRM are result is measured on the out comes of the organization profits (John T Delaney, (1996). In business management of the world, since from 1980s, the importance of the Human Resource management role as increased dramatically, Human Resource Management Strategy has been achieving promptly because it providing for business firms to enhance the competitiveness and promote managerial efficiency. By effectively managing the human resource their should be efficient employee behavior in addition to reach the mission and objectives of the organization. HRM strategy provides a developed work force for the business competitive strategy, so that organizational goals and objectives are achieved in time. With effective Strategically HRM coordinates all individuals measure and implements them, so which directly influence the employee behavior in way which lead the competitive advantage to company. Recently many of organization adopting innovative procedures in recruiting and selecting individuals with effective and efficient HR strategy, which going to lead the organization with effecti ve work force apart from this there is measurement of organization performance through strategic HR. (Tung Chun Huang, (1999) In these recent years Human Resource Development has been under gone many modifications and changes adopting the changing business environment by allocating appropriate practices and strategies. There are many dimensions in Human Resource Development in business environment Human Resource Development is overall related to the business strategy and competitive advantage Human Resource Development is an investment in Human Resource capability rather than employee cost Human Resource Development is concerned with changes both in organizational level and individual level Human Resource Development is concerned with rectifying and enhancing the required levels to meet the present and future goals and objectives of the organization HRD is going to concentrate on the training and development program of the organization HRD is continuously concerned with organizational and individual learnings (Garavan, (1999)) JOB SATISFACTION ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT Job satisfaction is one of the major HR strategies of any organisation, when an individual satisfied with the job and work environment, then only they can translate successfully their efforts toward work, apart from organisational side HR should promote the promotions and appraisals to boost the performance levels of the individual, many of organisation need to improve the employee attitudes and job satisfaction, more over work culture should be effective and efficient to individuals for effective work for the organisation (Bratton and Gold, 2007). Organisational commitment should be match and coincide with the individual satisfactory level then only both of them are going be profitable, apart from this, the commitments which are going to associated should be achievable by the employees with satisfactory and employee also to be participated in the organisational commitment (Bratton and Gold, 2007). RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PROCEDURES Recruitment should be done according to organizational needs and requirement through which resource are properly utilized, and recruitment should be done in time with in the low cost and selection is a major process where HR strategy importance is capitalized very because wel fare of the company based on the selection procedures and HR officials responsibility is to select the efficient and effective candidates those who are going help in organization enhancement (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin and Cardy, 2007). PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEM CULTURAL INFLUENCES Performance Appraisal management system is most important procedure in HR strategies of all organization, according to performance level of the individuals their appraisal level also been designed for further encouragement in the work culture and culture plays a majority role in influencing the employee toward the work in organization, here HR strategy is going identified because many of HR official face difficult task over here to understand individual mindsets in the organization and cross culture and adopting different life style people at one desk, which is going to influence majority of peoples in work culture because of due globalization cross work culture is going to influence the attitudes and job satisfaction levels of the employee.( Gomez-Mejia, Balkin and Cardy, 2007) . WORK SITUATION INFLUENCES EMPLOYEE ATTITUDE SURVEYS Various HR practices such as pay, promotion, supervision, co workers, nature of the work etc. shows a major impact on the employee attitudes in an organization. Effective work culture, well designed compensation systems, effective supervision, effective coordination of co workers are the major aspects that bring changes in the employee attitudes in a workplace. Therefore the current HR strategies must be designed effectively in order to achieve better results form the employees and this will not only help the organization to improve its output but also will bring a change in the employee attitudes towards job performance and the organizational HR strategies Employee Attitude Survey is the most difficult task of the HR strategy, because HR official is to identify and to understand the various employeesà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ attitudes and their behaviors in the work culture. Many of times many of higher officials are failed in indentifying the attitudes and behaviors of the individuals because individual mind set is going to vary according to influence of the work, work culture and the satisfactory levels, here HR officials importance is identified by the organization. .( Gomez-Mejia, Balkin and Cardy, 2007)

Tension in Witchs Money Essay -- Witchs Money Essays

Tension in Witch's Money  Ã‚   In John Collier's "Witch's Money," the stranger who suddenly appears in a remote mountain village in Spain is initially seen by Foiral as an unwelcome madman. Certainly his surrealist description of the landscape must seem a symptom of insanity to one unfamiliar with the trends of modern art. Once he offers a nice sum of money to buy Foiral's house, however, the stranger is treated with a new attitude. He is still not completely accepted by the community that he has moved into, but he does wield a new type of power simply because only he can produce cash from paper billets. With his magic cheques, though, the stranger creates a tension that grows into an economic struggle between himself and his community. Even worse, the stranger unknowingly creates a conflict among the natives of the town who have been a united group. Ultimately, because of the power that the "witch's" money brings into this community, the people of the town -- once happy and content -- are destroyed, and so is the community as a whole. Despite his unconventional art, this stranger is a misbegotten missionary for the decadent values of Western civilization, and with his money he brings the disease of capitalism to the innocent village. One of the first signs of a struggle between the stranger and the community arises when the villagers voice their suspicions about him. They seem to think that the stranger is fabricating details in order to hide a secret perhaps. For example, Arago points out that the stranger claims to have "[come] from Paris" but also "that he was an American" (67). The fact that the stranger has no relations adds to the town's suspicions. More importantly, though, Foiral and the town are skeptical about t... ...e to him'" (75). Thus, at the end of the story the townsfolk laugh at Guis as they march to the bank to demand their money. Guis, they believe, has nothing while they have a remarkable treasure in cheques. Little do they know that disaster awaits when they demand payment for their blank cheques. When their demand is refused, their little town will no longer be happy and content. Moreover, their attempt to cash the cheques will lead to the discovery of the artist's murder and the ruin of the village. The doors of prison will swing shut upon them as quickly as the doors of the bank do. But in reality the village has already been ruined, its innocence destroyed by the capitalistic power of witch's money. Works Cited Collier, John. "Witch's Money." 1939. Short Story Masterpieces. Ed. Robert Penn Warren and Albert Erskine. New York: Dell, 1958. 61-75.   

Chapter 13 Guided Reading

Guided Reading Chapter 13 Terms: 1. Tropics- Areas with high humidity and temperatures 2. Monsoons- an overflow of water from rivers 3. Ecosystems- communities of living things within a certain climare 4. Bilad al-sudan- West African Jewish communities who were connected to known Jewish communities from the Middle East, North Africa, or Spain and Portugal. 5. Dhow – any of various types of sailing vessels used by Arabs on the east African, Arabian, and Indian coasts, generally lateen-rigged on two or three masts. 6. Swahili – a member of a Bantu people of Zanzibar and the neighboring coast of Africa.Also, Kiswahili, ki-Swahili. the Bantu language of the Swahili people, used also as a lingua franca in Tanzania, Kenya, and parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 7. Urdu- an official language of Pakistan, also spoken in India. The script derives primarily from Persia. It belongs to the Indic branch of the Indo-European family of languages, being closely related to H indi but containing many Arabic and Persian loan words 8. Junks- Chinese Ships that can contain up to 40 tons Places: 9. Niger River – the principal river of western Africa, extending about 4,180 km 10.Indus River – is a major river which flows through Pakistan. It also has courses through western Tibet (in China) and Northern India. 11. The Ganges – a trans-boundary river of India and Bangladesh. The 1,569 mi river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India into Bangladesh, where it empties into the Bay of Bengal. 12. Mekong River- a river in Southeast Asia. is 4,350 km From the Tibetan Plateau this river runs through China's Yunnan province, Burma (Myanmar), Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. 13.Swahili Coast-The Swahili Coast refers to the coast or coastal area of East Africa inhabited by the Swahili people, mainly Kenya, Tanzania, and north Mozambique. The term may also include the islands such as Zanzibar, Pate or Comoros which lie off the Swahili Coast. 14. Strait of Malacca – is a narrow, 805 km (500 mi) stretch of water between the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It is named after the Malacca Sultanate that ruled over the archipelago between 1414 and 1511. 15. Mogadishu – the Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta's appearance on the Somali coast in 1331, the city was at the zenith of its prosperity.He described Mogadishu as â€Å"an exceedingly large city† with many rich merchants, which was famous for its high quality fabric that it exported to Egypt, among other places. He added that the city was ruled by a Somali Sultan originally from Berbera in northern Somalia who spoke both Somali and Arabic with equal fluency. The Sultan also had a retinue of wazirs (ministers), legal experts, commanders, royal eunuchs, and other officials at his beck and call. 16. Kilwa -Kilwa Kisiwani is a community on an islan d off the coast of East Africa, in present day Tanzania. 7. Aden – In 1421, China's Ming dynasty Yongle Emperor ordered principal envoy grand eunuch Li Xing and grand eunuch Zhou Man of Zheng He's fleet to convey an imperial edict with hats and robes to bestow on the king of Aden. The envoys boarded three treasure ships and set sail from Sumatra to the port of Aden. This event was recorded in the book Ying-yai Sheng-lan by Ma Huan who accompanied the imperial envoy 18. Malabar Coast – The Malabar Coast is a long and narrow coastline on the south-western shore line of the mainland Indian subcontinent.Geographically, it comprises the wettest regions of southern India, as the Western Ghats intercept the moisture-laden monsoon rains, especially on their westward-facing mountain slopes. The term â€Å"Malabar Coast† is also sometimes used in reference to the entire Indian coast from the western coast of Konkan to the tip of the subcontinent at Cape Comorin. 19. Malac ca – the third smallest Malaysian state after Perlis and Penang. It is located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, next to the Straits of Malacca. It borders Negeri Sembilan to the north and Johor to the south.Malacca was founded by Parameswara, also known as Iskandar Shah or Sri Majara, the last Raja of Singapura (present day Singapore) following a Majapahit attack in 1377. He found his way to Malacca around 1400 where he found a good port—it was accessible in all seasons and on the strategically located narrowest point of the Malacca Straits. 20. Timbuktu – The first mention is by the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta who visited both Timbuktu and Kabara in 1353 when returning from a stay in the capital of the Mali Empire. [25] Timbuktu was still relatively unimportant and Battuta quickly moved on to Gao.At the time both Timbuktu and Gao formed part of the Mali Empire. A century and a half later, in around 1510, Leo Africanus visited Timbuktu. He gave a description of the town in his Descrittione dell'Africa which was published in 1550. [26] The original Italian was translated into a number of other languages and the book became widely known in Europe. [27] Empires/ Kingdoms: 21. Delhi Sultanate – five short-lived dynasties, Delhi based kingdoms or sultanates, mostly of Turkic and Pashtun (Afghan) origin in medieval India. The sultanates ruled from Delhi between 1206 and 1526, when the last was replaced by the Mughal dynasty.The five dynasties were the Mamluk dynasty (1206–90); the Khilji dynasty (1290–1320); the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414); the Sayyid dynasty (1414–51); and the Afghan Lodi dynasty (1451–1526). 22. Mali Empire – a West African empire of the Mandinka from c. 1230 C. E. to c. 1600. C. E. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa I. The Mali Empire had many profound cultural influences on West Afric a, allowing the spread of its language, laws and customs along the Niger River.It extended over a large area and consisted of numerous vassal kingdoms and provinces. 23. Kanem- Bornu – existed in modern Chad and Nigeria. It was known to the Arabian geographers as the Kanem Empire from the 9th century AD onward and lasted as the independent kingdom of Bornu until 1900. At its height it encompassed an area covering not only much of Chad, but also parts of modern southern Libya, eastern Niger, northeastern Nigeria and northern Cameroon. The history of the Empire in the longue duree is mainly known from the Royal Chronicle or Girgam discovered in 1851 by the German traveller Heinrich Barth. 4. Gujarat – From 1297 to 1300, Allauddin Khilji, Sultan of Delhi, destroyed Anhilwara and incorporated Gujarat into the Delhi Sultanate. After Timur's sacking of Delhi at the end of the fourteenth century weakened the Sultanate, Gujarat's Muslim Rajput governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar asse rted his independence, and his son, Sultan Ishaan Shah (ruled 1411 to 1442), restructured Ahmedabad as the capital. 25. Bahmani Kingdom – was a Muslim state of the Deccan in South India and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms. Bahmanid Sultanate was the first independent Islamic Kingdom in South India. 6. Vijayanagar Empire – an empire based in South India, in the Deccan Plateau region. It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty and Dhangar / Kuruba Gowda lineage. 27. Great Zimbabwe – Great Zimbabwe acted as a royal palace for the Zimbabwean monarch and would have been used as the seat of their political power. One of its most prominent features were its walls, some of which were over five metres high and which were constructed without mortar. Eventually the city was abandoned and fell into ruin. Individuals / Peoples: 28.Muhammed ibn Ab-dullah ibn Buttata – a Muslim Moroccan explorer, known for his exte nsive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla (lit. â€Å"Journey†). Over a period of thirty years, he visited most of the known Islamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands; his journeys including trips to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe in the West, and to the Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China in the East, a distance surpassing threefold his near-contemporary Marco Polo. Ibn Battuta is considered one of the greatest travellers of all time.He journeyed more than 75,000 miles (121,000 km), a figure unsurpassed by any individual explorer until the coming of the Steam Age some 450 years later. 29. Sundiata – founder of the Mali Empire 30. Mansa Kankan Musa – the tenth Mansa, which translates as â€Å"King of Kings† or â€Å"Emperor†, of the Malian Empire. At the time of Mansa Musa's rise to the throne, the Malian Empire consisted of territory formerly bel onging to the Ghana Empire and Melle (Mali) and immediate surrounding areas, and Musa held many titles, including: Emir of Melle, Lord of the Mines of Wangara, and Conqueror of Ghanata, Futa-Jallon, and at least another dozen states. 1. Mansa Suleiman – mansa of the Mali Empire from 1341 to 1360. The brother of the powerful Kankan Musa I, he succeeded Musa's son Maghan to the throne in 1341. His son Kassa briefly assumed the throne following his death in 1360, but was succeeded the same year by Maghan's son Mari Diata II. 32. Sultan Iltutmish – He was a slave of Qutb-ud-din Aibak and later became his son-in-law and close lieutenant. He was the Governor of Badaun when he deposed Qutub-ud-din's successor Aram Shah and acceeded to the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in 1211.He shifted Capital from Lahore to Delhi, remained the ruler until his death on May 1, 1236. Iltutmish introduced the silver tanka and the copper jital-the two basic coins of the Sultanate period, with a standard weight of 175 grains. He introudced Iqtadari system: division of empire into Iqtas, which were assigned to the nobles and officers in lieu of salary. 33. Sultan Raziya – First female Sultan referred to as Razia Sultana was the Sultana of Delhi in India from 1236 to May 1240. She was of Seljuq slave ancestry and like some other Muslim princesses of the time, she was trained to lead armies and administer kingdoms if necessary.Razia Sultana, the fifth Mamluk Sultanate was the only woman ruler of both the Sultanate and the Mughal period. Important Events: 34. Mansa Musa’s Pilgrimage – Musa's journey was documented by several eyewitnesses along his route, who were in awe of his wealth and extensive procession, and records exist in a variety of sources, including journals, oral accounts and histories. Musa is known to have visited with the Mamluk sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad of Egypt in July 1324. Questions to Outline: 1.The ecosystems in Africa are controlled by their location in comparison with the equator and there are many different ecosystems with in a tropical environment which is an area with a high temperature and humidity. 2. It mobilized the labor of ordinary people in order to produce surpluses, helped support powerful states and profitable commercial systems. 3. Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent mainly took place from the 13th to the 16th centuries, though earlier Muslim conquests made limited inroads into North India as early as the time of the Rajput kingdoms in the 7th century.Some historians consider parts of the conquest the bloodiest chapter in human history. 4. The Indian Ocean trade has been a key factor in East–West exchanges. Long distance trade in dhows and sailboats made it a dynamic zone of interaction between peoples, cultures, and civilizations stretching from Java in the East to Zanzibar and Mombasa in the West. Cities and states on the Indian Ocean rim were Janus-faced. They looked outward to th e sea as much as they looked inward to the hinterland. In the contemporary period, the re-assertion of Asia’s cultural, political, and economic trength has manifested itself in varied events such as the meteoric rise of the Chinese economy and the growing influence of India’s culture industry, and the rise of Dubai as a global financial hub. These processes indicate a gradual movement of the fulcrum of global economic and military exchanges away from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean, a shift which is being keenly watched by national elites and global institutions. 5. Their status was determined by males, Tasks were cooking, brewing and farm work, family organization was important in society and some women didn’t adopt veiling. . The spread of Islam, Commercial contacts and the rise of Mali and Ghana. These changed many things with in the people such as what rights they had, the amount of slavery, taxes and trade, economy was based off gold and their religion. 7. They made certain adjustments such as irrigation systems, and adopted different means of surviving such as wild food and fish hunting, herding and grain trade, farming of rice, wheat , sorghum and millet. They also built dams and reservoirs.

Glossary of Common Mitosis Terms

Glossary of Common Mitosis Terms Mitosis Glossary Mitosis is a form of cell division that enables organisms to grow and reproduce. The mitosis stage of the cell cycle involves the separation of nuclear chromosomes, followed by cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm forming two distinct cells). At the end of mitosis, two distinct daughter cells are produced. Each cell contains identical genetic material. This Mitosis Glossary is a good resource for finding succinct, practical, and meaningful definitions for common mitosis terms. Mitosis Glossary - Index Anaphase - stage in mitosis where chromosomes begin moving to opposite ends (poles) of the cell. Allele - an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. Asters - radial microtubule arrays found in animal cells that help to manipulate chromosomes during cell division. Cell Cycle - the life cycle of a dividing cell. It includes Interphase and the M phase or Mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). Centrioles - cylindrical structures that are composed of groupings of microtubules arranged in a 9 3 pattern. Centromere - a region on a chromosome that joins two sister chromatids. Chromatid - one of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome. Chromatin - mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division. Chromosome - a long, stringy aggregate of genes that carries heredity information (DNA) and is formed from condensed chromatin. Cytokinesis - d ivision of the cytoplasm that produces distinct daughter cells. Cytoskeleton - a network of fibers throughout the cells cytoplasm that helps the cell maintain its shape and gives support to the cell. Daughter Cell - a cell resulting from the replication and division of a single parent cell. Daughter Chromosome - a chromosome that results from the separation of sister chromatids during cell division. Diploid Cell - a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes. One set of chromosomes is donated from each parent. Genes - segments of DNA located on chromosomes that exist in alternative forms called alleles. Haploid Cell - a cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes. Kinetochore - a specialized region on the centromere of chromosome where spindle polar fibers attach to the chromosome. Kinetochore Fibers - microtubules that connect kinetochores to spindle polar fibers. Interphase - stage in the cell cycle where a cell doubles in size and synthesizes DNA in preparation for cell division. Metaphase - stage in mitosis where chromosomes align alo ng the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. Microtubules - fibrous, hollow rods, that function primarily to help support and shape the cell. Mitosis - a phase of the cell cycle that involves the separation of nuclear chromosomes followed by cytokinesis. Nucleus - a membrane-bound structure that contains the cells hereditary information and controls the cells growth and reproduction. Polar Fibers - spindle fibers that extend from the two poles of a dividing cell. Prophase - stage in mitosis where chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes. Sister Chromatids - two identical copies of a single chromosome that are connected by a centromere. Spindle Fibers - aggregates of microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division. Telophase - stage in mitosis where the nucleus of one cell is divided equally into two nuclei. More Biology Terms For information on additional biology related terms, see the Genetics Glossary and Difficult Biology Words.